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rabbit polyclonal anti nucleolin antibody  (Danaher Inc)
86
Danaher Inc rabbit polyclonal anti nucleolin antibody
<t>Nucleolin</t> localization and iSN04 incorporation in A10 cells. ( A ) Representative fluorescence images of nucleolin staining of A10 cells in GM (day 0) and DM with or without 10 μM iSN04 (day 4). Scale bar, 50 μm. ( B ) Representative fluorescence images of A10 cells treated with 5 μg/mL 6-FAM-iSN04 in GM. Scale bar, 50 μm. 6-FAM, 6-carboxyfluorescein; DAPI, 4′,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole; DM, differentiation medium; GM, growth medium.
Rabbit Polyclonal Anti Nucleolin Antibody, supplied by Danaher Inc, used in various techniques. Bioz Stars score: 86/100, based on 1 PubMed citations. ZERO BIAS - scores, article reviews, protocol conditions and more
https://www.bioz.com/product/rabbit+polyclonal+anti+nucleolin/pmc11201766-50-17-22
Average 86 stars, based on 1 article reviews
rabbit polyclonal anti nucleolin antibody - by Bioz Stars, 2026-08
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anti-nucleolin rabbit polyclonal  (Millipore)
90
Millipore anti-nucleolin rabbit polyclonal
<t>Nucleolin</t> localization and iSN04 incorporation in A10 cells. ( A ) Representative fluorescence images of nucleolin staining of A10 cells in GM (day 0) and DM with or without 10 μM iSN04 (day 4). Scale bar, 50 μm. ( B ) Representative fluorescence images of A10 cells treated with 5 μg/mL 6-FAM-iSN04 in GM. Scale bar, 50 μm. 6-FAM, 6-carboxyfluorescein; DAPI, 4′,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole; DM, differentiation medium; GM, growth medium.
Anti Nucleolin Rabbit Polyclonal, supplied by Millipore, used in various techniques. Bioz Stars score: 90/100, based on 1 PubMed citations. ZERO BIAS - scores, article reviews, protocol conditions and more
https://www.bioz.com/product/rabbit+polyclonal+anti+nucleolin/rabbit+polyclonal+nucleolin+antibody/pm37738799-80-76-80
Average 90 stars, based on 1 article reviews
anti-nucleolin rabbit polyclonal - by Bioz Stars, 2026-08
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rabbit polyclonal nucleolin  (Danaher Inc)
99
Danaher Inc rabbit polyclonal nucleolin
Fig. 2 CuET alters the nucleolar morphology. A Representative IF images of A549 nuclei treated with CuET or ActDL for the indicated time points. Fibrillarin (FBL) or nucleophosmin (NPM1) were used as nucleolar markers. Scale bar: 5 μM. B Representative IF images of <t>nucleolin</t> and 5.8S rRNA levels in A549 cells treated with CuET or ActDL for the indicated time points. Scale bar: 50 µm. C AgNOR staining of U2OS or A549 cells following a four-hour treatment of increasing CuET doses. Scale bar: 10 μm. D Ethylene uridine (EU) levels were calculated following IF and high content imaging of U2OS treated with 1 μM CuET for the indicated time points. 750–1500 cells were analyzed per experiment (data are shown as mean ± SD, n = 3 biological replicates, **p < 0.01). Scale bar: 50 µm. E Detection of NPL4 protein levels with immunocytochemistry in samples from patients with triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) or ovarian carcinoma. Regions in red squares are presented magnified in the bottom panel. Scale bar: 100 μM. F Representative IF images of nucleolar structure in U2OS treated with ActDL or BMH-21 as nucleolar stress inducers. Fibrillarin (FBL) was used as a nucleolar marker. Insets depict magnifications of the regions designated in squares. Scale bar: 2 μM.
Rabbit Polyclonal Nucleolin, supplied by Danaher Inc, used in various techniques. Bioz Stars score: 99/100, based on 1 PubMed citations. ZERO BIAS - scores, article reviews, protocol conditions and more
https://www.bioz.com/product/rabbit+polyclonal+anti+nucleolin/Rabbit+Polyclonal+Anti-JAK2+(phospho+Y1007)+antibody/pm37142656-179-16-19
Average 99 stars, based on 1 article reviews
rabbit polyclonal nucleolin - by Bioz Stars, 2026-08
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rabbit anti-nucleolin polyclonal antibody  (Santa Cruz Biotechnology)
90
Santa Cruz Biotechnology rabbit anti-nucleolin polyclonal antibody
CHME-5 cells either mock infected or infected with CHIKV at MOI 0.1 were collected at day 2 p.i. (A, B, D) or on days 1 to 3 p.i. (C) and subsequently (A) stained with an anti-alphavirus antibody and the percentage of infected cells analyzed by flow cytometry or (B) stained with Annexin V-FITC and PI and the percentage of apoptotic cells analyzed by flow cytometery or (C, D) used for total protein extraction and (C) analyzed by western blotting with an anti-alphavirus monoclonal antibody and an anti-actin <t>polyclonal</t> antibody or (D) the differential proteome determined by 2D-PAGE. Representative gels from 6 biological replicates are shown. (A and B) Bar graphs represent the means ± SD of 6 replications.
Rabbit Anti Nucleolin Polyclonal Antibody, supplied by Santa Cruz Biotechnology, used in various techniques. Bioz Stars score: 90/100, based on 1 PubMed citations. ZERO BIAS - scores, article reviews, protocol conditions and more
https://www.bioz.com/product/rabbit+polyclonal+anti+nucleolin/mouse+anti-rabbit+IgG-CFL+488/pmc03326055-101-51-56
Average 90 stars, based on 1 article reviews
rabbit anti-nucleolin polyclonal antibody - by Bioz Stars, 2026-08
90/100 stars
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Image Search Results


Nucleolin localization and iSN04 incorporation in A10 cells. ( A ) Representative fluorescence images of nucleolin staining of A10 cells in GM (day 0) and DM with or without 10 μM iSN04 (day 4). Scale bar, 50 μm. ( B ) Representative fluorescence images of A10 cells treated with 5 μg/mL 6-FAM-iSN04 in GM. Scale bar, 50 μm. 6-FAM, 6-carboxyfluorescein; DAPI, 4′,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole; DM, differentiation medium; GM, growth medium.

Journal: Biomolecules

Article Title: Myogenic Anti-Nucleolin Aptamer iSN04 Inhibits Proliferation and Promotes Differentiation of Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells

doi: 10.3390/biom14060709

Figure Lengend Snippet: Nucleolin localization and iSN04 incorporation in A10 cells. ( A ) Representative fluorescence images of nucleolin staining of A10 cells in GM (day 0) and DM with or without 10 μM iSN04 (day 4). Scale bar, 50 μm. ( B ) Representative fluorescence images of A10 cells treated with 5 μg/mL 6-FAM-iSN04 in GM. Scale bar, 50 μm. 6-FAM, 6-carboxyfluorescein; DAPI, 4′,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole; DM, differentiation medium; GM, growth medium.

Article Snippet: The cells were fixed with 2% paraformaldehyde, permeabilized with 0.2% Triton X-100, and immunostained with 1.0 μg/mL rabbit polyclonal anti-nucleolin antibody (ab22758; Abcam, Cambridge, UK) or 1.0 μg/mL mouse monoclonal anti-α-SMA antibody (1A4, ab7817; Abcam) overnight at 4 °C.

Techniques: Fluorescence, Staining

The effect of iSN04 on proliferation and differentiation of hAoSMCs. ( A ) Representative fluorescence images of nucleolin staining of hAoSMCs in hGM (day 0) and hDM (day 4). Scale bar, 50 μm. ( B ) Representative fluorescence images of EdU staining of hAoSMCs pre-treated with 30 μM iSN04 in hGM for 48 h and then with 10 μM EdU in hGM for 12 h. Scale bar, 200 μm. The ratio of EdU + cells were quantified. ** p < 0.01 vs. control (Student’s t -test). n = 4. ( C ) qPCR results of a cell-cycle marker gene, Ki-67 ( MKI67 ), and contractile SMC marker genes, α-SMA ( ACTA2 ), SM22α ( TAGLN ), and caldesmon ( CALD1 ), in hAoSMCs treated with 30 μM iSN04 in hGM for 48 h. * p < 0.05; ** p < 0.01 vs. control (Student’s t -test). n = 3. DAPI, 4′,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole; DM, differentiation medium; EdU, 5-ethynyl-2′-deoxyuridine; GM, growth medium; hAoSMC, human aortic smooth muscle cell; hDM, differentiation medium for human aortic smooth muscle cell; hGM, growth medium for human aortic smooth muscle cell; qPCR, quantitative real-time RT-PCR; SMC, smooth muscle cell.

Journal: Biomolecules

Article Title: Myogenic Anti-Nucleolin Aptamer iSN04 Inhibits Proliferation and Promotes Differentiation of Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells

doi: 10.3390/biom14060709

Figure Lengend Snippet: The effect of iSN04 on proliferation and differentiation of hAoSMCs. ( A ) Representative fluorescence images of nucleolin staining of hAoSMCs in hGM (day 0) and hDM (day 4). Scale bar, 50 μm. ( B ) Representative fluorescence images of EdU staining of hAoSMCs pre-treated with 30 μM iSN04 in hGM for 48 h and then with 10 μM EdU in hGM for 12 h. Scale bar, 200 μm. The ratio of EdU + cells were quantified. ** p < 0.01 vs. control (Student’s t -test). n = 4. ( C ) qPCR results of a cell-cycle marker gene, Ki-67 ( MKI67 ), and contractile SMC marker genes, α-SMA ( ACTA2 ), SM22α ( TAGLN ), and caldesmon ( CALD1 ), in hAoSMCs treated with 30 μM iSN04 in hGM for 48 h. * p < 0.05; ** p < 0.01 vs. control (Student’s t -test). n = 3. DAPI, 4′,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole; DM, differentiation medium; EdU, 5-ethynyl-2′-deoxyuridine; GM, growth medium; hAoSMC, human aortic smooth muscle cell; hDM, differentiation medium for human aortic smooth muscle cell; hGM, growth medium for human aortic smooth muscle cell; qPCR, quantitative real-time RT-PCR; SMC, smooth muscle cell.

Article Snippet: The cells were fixed with 2% paraformaldehyde, permeabilized with 0.2% Triton X-100, and immunostained with 1.0 μg/mL rabbit polyclonal anti-nucleolin antibody (ab22758; Abcam, Cambridge, UK) or 1.0 μg/mL mouse monoclonal anti-α-SMA antibody (1A4, ab7817; Abcam) overnight at 4 °C.

Techniques: Fluorescence, Staining, Control, Marker, Quantitative RT-PCR

Fig. 2 CuET alters the nucleolar morphology. A Representative IF images of A549 nuclei treated with CuET or ActDL for the indicated time points. Fibrillarin (FBL) or nucleophosmin (NPM1) were used as nucleolar markers. Scale bar: 5 μM. B Representative IF images of nucleolin and 5.8S rRNA levels in A549 cells treated with CuET or ActDL for the indicated time points. Scale bar: 50 µm. C AgNOR staining of U2OS or A549 cells following a four-hour treatment of increasing CuET doses. Scale bar: 10 μm. D Ethylene uridine (EU) levels were calculated following IF and high content imaging of U2OS treated with 1 μM CuET for the indicated time points. 750–1500 cells were analyzed per experiment (data are shown as mean ± SD, n = 3 biological replicates, **p < 0.01). Scale bar: 50 µm. E Detection of NPL4 protein levels with immunocytochemistry in samples from patients with triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) or ovarian carcinoma. Regions in red squares are presented magnified in the bottom panel. Scale bar: 100 μM. F Representative IF images of nucleolar structure in U2OS treated with ActDL or BMH-21 as nucleolar stress inducers. Fibrillarin (FBL) was used as a nucleolar marker. Insets depict magnifications of the regions designated in squares. Scale bar: 2 μM.

Journal: Cell death and differentiation

Article Title: Actionable cancer vulnerability due to translational arrest, p53 aggregation and ribosome biogenesis stress evoked by the disulfiram metabolite CuET.

doi: 10.1038/s41418-023-01167-4

Figure Lengend Snippet: Fig. 2 CuET alters the nucleolar morphology. A Representative IF images of A549 nuclei treated with CuET or ActDL for the indicated time points. Fibrillarin (FBL) or nucleophosmin (NPM1) were used as nucleolar markers. Scale bar: 5 μM. B Representative IF images of nucleolin and 5.8S rRNA levels in A549 cells treated with CuET or ActDL for the indicated time points. Scale bar: 50 µm. C AgNOR staining of U2OS or A549 cells following a four-hour treatment of increasing CuET doses. Scale bar: 10 μm. D Ethylene uridine (EU) levels were calculated following IF and high content imaging of U2OS treated with 1 μM CuET for the indicated time points. 750–1500 cells were analyzed per experiment (data are shown as mean ± SD, n = 3 biological replicates, **p < 0.01). Scale bar: 50 µm. E Detection of NPL4 protein levels with immunocytochemistry in samples from patients with triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) or ovarian carcinoma. Regions in red squares are presented magnified in the bottom panel. Scale bar: 100 μM. F Representative IF images of nucleolar structure in U2OS treated with ActDL or BMH-21 as nucleolar stress inducers. Fibrillarin (FBL) was used as a nucleolar marker. Insets depict magnifications of the regions designated in squares. Scale bar: 2 μM.

Article Snippet: The antibodies used are as follows: rabbit polyclonal Fibrillarin (Abcam, ab5821), mouse monoclonal Nucleophosmin (Abcam, ab10530), rabbit polyclonal Nucleolin (Abcam, ab22758), rabbit polyclonal RPL5 (uL18) (Abcam, ab86863), mouse monoclonal p53 (Abcam, ab1101), rabbit polyclonal phospho-p53 (ser15) (Abcam, ab1431), rabbit polyclonal phospho-p53 (ser20) (Cell signaling, 9287), rabbit monoclonal acetyl-p53 (K382) (Abcam, ab75754), mouse monoclonal p53 (Santa Cruz, sc-126), rabbit monoclonal p21 (Cell Signaling, 2947), mouse monoclonal MDM2 (mixture of 2A9, 4B2 and 4B11 clones, kindly provided by M.Oren), mouse monoclonal MDM2 (SMP14, Santa Cruz, sc-965), mouse monoclonal MDM2 (Millipore, 05-1530), mouse monoclonal CHK2 (H300, Santa Cruz, sc-9064), mouse monoclonal TIAR (Becton Dickinson, 610352), mouse monoclonal beta-actin (Abcam ab6276), rabbit polyclonal phospho-eIF2a (ser51) (Cell Signaling, 9722), rabbit polyclonal phospho-Chk1 (Ser317) (Cell Signaling 2344), mouse monoclonal 5.8S rRNA (Novus Biologicals, NB100-622), rabbit polyclonal NPL4 (Novus Biologicals, NBP1-82166), mouse monoclonal lamin B1 (Santa Cruz, sc-6217), mouse monoclonal a-tubulin (Santa Cruz, sc-8035).

Techniques: Staining, Imaging, Immunocytochemistry, Marker

CHME-5 cells either mock infected or infected with CHIKV at MOI 0.1 were collected at day 2 p.i. (A, B, D) or on days 1 to 3 p.i. (C) and subsequently (A) stained with an anti-alphavirus antibody and the percentage of infected cells analyzed by flow cytometry or (B) stained with Annexin V-FITC and PI and the percentage of apoptotic cells analyzed by flow cytometery or (C, D) used for total protein extraction and (C) analyzed by western blotting with an anti-alphavirus monoclonal antibody and an anti-actin polyclonal antibody or (D) the differential proteome determined by 2D-PAGE. Representative gels from 6 biological replicates are shown. (A and B) Bar graphs represent the means ± SD of 6 replications.

Journal: PLoS ONE

Article Title: Proteomic Analysis of Chikungunya Virus Infected Microgial Cells

doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0034800

Figure Lengend Snippet: CHME-5 cells either mock infected or infected with CHIKV at MOI 0.1 were collected at day 2 p.i. (A, B, D) or on days 1 to 3 p.i. (C) and subsequently (A) stained with an anti-alphavirus antibody and the percentage of infected cells analyzed by flow cytometry or (B) stained with Annexin V-FITC and PI and the percentage of apoptotic cells analyzed by flow cytometery or (C, D) used for total protein extraction and (C) analyzed by western blotting with an anti-alphavirus monoclonal antibody and an anti-actin polyclonal antibody or (D) the differential proteome determined by 2D-PAGE. Representative gels from 6 biological replicates are shown. (A and B) Bar graphs represent the means ± SD of 6 replications.

Article Snippet: Antibodies used included a 1∶400 dilution of a rabbit anti-JAK 2 polyclonal antibody (sc-278; Santa Cruz Biotechnology Inc.), a 1∶6,000 dilution of a rabbit anti-Hsp90 polyclonal antibody (sc-7947; Santa Cruz Biotechnology Inc.), a 1∶4,000 dilution of a rabbit anti-Hsp70 polyclonal antibody (sc-1060; Santa Cruz Biotechnology Inc.), a 1∶5,000 dilution of a rabbit anti-nucleolin polyclonal antibody (sc-13057; Santa Cruz Biotechnology Inc.), a 1∶3,000 dilution of a rabbit anti-heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein polyclonal antibody (ab65049; Abcam, Cambridge, MA), a 1∶10,000 dilution of a rabbit anti-elongation factor 2 polyclonal antibody (ab33523; Abcam) all followed by a 1∶4,000 dilution of a goat horseradish peroxidase (HRP) conjugated anti-rabbit IgG polyclonal antibody (31460; Pierce, Rockford, IL) as well as a 1∶5,000 dilution of a goat anti-actin polyclonal antibody (sc-1616; Santa Cruz Biotechnology Inc.) followed by a 1∶8,000 dilution of a rabbit HRP conjugated anti-goat IgG polyclonal antibody (31402; Pierce), as well as a 1∶1000 dilution of a mouse anti-alphavirus monoclonal antibody (Santa Cruz Biotechnology Inc., Santa Cruz, CA) followed by a 1∶5,000 dilution of a rabbit HRP conjugated anti-mouse IgG polyclonal antibody (A9044; Sigma, Sigma-Aldrich, St Louis, MO).

Techniques: Infection, Staining, Flow Cytometry, Protein Extraction, Western Blot

(A) CHME-5 cells were either mock infected or infected with CHIKV at MOI 0.1 before extraction of proteins and analysis by Western blot analysis on 1 and 2 d.p.i. hnRNP: heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein; NCL: nucleolin; JAK2: tyrosine-protein kinase JAK2; Hsp70: heat shock protein 70; Hsp90: heat shock protein 90. (B). CHME-5 cells were either mock infected or infected with CHIKV at MOI 0.1 before extraction of total RNA and analysis by RT-PCR on 1, 2 and 3 d.p.i. BRE1B: E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase; CUL9: Cullin-9; CHD2: chromodomain-helicase-DNA binding protein 2; MTERF: mitochondrial precursor transcription termination factor; ROD1: regulator of differentiation 1 isoform; PIK3CD: phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase catalytic subunit delta; GCDH: mitochondrial glutaryl-CoA dehydrogenase isoform precursor; HSDL2: hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase-like protein 2; PLCH2: 1-phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate phosphodiesterase eta-2; ALOX12: 12-lipoxygenase; DRPLA: Dentatorubral pallidoluysian atrophy protein; DENND3: DENN domain-containing protein 3; HIS1H2B: Histone 2B.

Journal: PLoS ONE

Article Title: Proteomic Analysis of Chikungunya Virus Infected Microgial Cells

doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0034800

Figure Lengend Snippet: (A) CHME-5 cells were either mock infected or infected with CHIKV at MOI 0.1 before extraction of proteins and analysis by Western blot analysis on 1 and 2 d.p.i. hnRNP: heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein; NCL: nucleolin; JAK2: tyrosine-protein kinase JAK2; Hsp70: heat shock protein 70; Hsp90: heat shock protein 90. (B). CHME-5 cells were either mock infected or infected with CHIKV at MOI 0.1 before extraction of total RNA and analysis by RT-PCR on 1, 2 and 3 d.p.i. BRE1B: E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase; CUL9: Cullin-9; CHD2: chromodomain-helicase-DNA binding protein 2; MTERF: mitochondrial precursor transcription termination factor; ROD1: regulator of differentiation 1 isoform; PIK3CD: phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase catalytic subunit delta; GCDH: mitochondrial glutaryl-CoA dehydrogenase isoform precursor; HSDL2: hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase-like protein 2; PLCH2: 1-phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate phosphodiesterase eta-2; ALOX12: 12-lipoxygenase; DRPLA: Dentatorubral pallidoluysian atrophy protein; DENND3: DENN domain-containing protein 3; HIS1H2B: Histone 2B.

Article Snippet: Antibodies used included a 1∶400 dilution of a rabbit anti-JAK 2 polyclonal antibody (sc-278; Santa Cruz Biotechnology Inc.), a 1∶6,000 dilution of a rabbit anti-Hsp90 polyclonal antibody (sc-7947; Santa Cruz Biotechnology Inc.), a 1∶4,000 dilution of a rabbit anti-Hsp70 polyclonal antibody (sc-1060; Santa Cruz Biotechnology Inc.), a 1∶5,000 dilution of a rabbit anti-nucleolin polyclonal antibody (sc-13057; Santa Cruz Biotechnology Inc.), a 1∶3,000 dilution of a rabbit anti-heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein polyclonal antibody (ab65049; Abcam, Cambridge, MA), a 1∶10,000 dilution of a rabbit anti-elongation factor 2 polyclonal antibody (ab33523; Abcam) all followed by a 1∶4,000 dilution of a goat horseradish peroxidase (HRP) conjugated anti-rabbit IgG polyclonal antibody (31460; Pierce, Rockford, IL) as well as a 1∶5,000 dilution of a goat anti-actin polyclonal antibody (sc-1616; Santa Cruz Biotechnology Inc.) followed by a 1∶8,000 dilution of a rabbit HRP conjugated anti-goat IgG polyclonal antibody (31402; Pierce), as well as a 1∶1000 dilution of a mouse anti-alphavirus monoclonal antibody (Santa Cruz Biotechnology Inc., Santa Cruz, CA) followed by a 1∶5,000 dilution of a rabbit HRP conjugated anti-mouse IgG polyclonal antibody (A9044; Sigma, Sigma-Aldrich, St Louis, MO).

Techniques: Infection, Western Blot, Reverse Transcription Polymerase Chain Reaction, Binding Assay

Values of fold change in response to CHIKV infection, significance and half life of selected proteins.

Journal: PLoS ONE

Article Title: Proteomic Analysis of Chikungunya Virus Infected Microgial Cells

doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0034800

Figure Lengend Snippet: Values of fold change in response to CHIKV infection, significance and half life of selected proteins.

Article Snippet: Antibodies used included a 1∶400 dilution of a rabbit anti-JAK 2 polyclonal antibody (sc-278; Santa Cruz Biotechnology Inc.), a 1∶6,000 dilution of a rabbit anti-Hsp90 polyclonal antibody (sc-7947; Santa Cruz Biotechnology Inc.), a 1∶4,000 dilution of a rabbit anti-Hsp70 polyclonal antibody (sc-1060; Santa Cruz Biotechnology Inc.), a 1∶5,000 dilution of a rabbit anti-nucleolin polyclonal antibody (sc-13057; Santa Cruz Biotechnology Inc.), a 1∶3,000 dilution of a rabbit anti-heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein polyclonal antibody (ab65049; Abcam, Cambridge, MA), a 1∶10,000 dilution of a rabbit anti-elongation factor 2 polyclonal antibody (ab33523; Abcam) all followed by a 1∶4,000 dilution of a goat horseradish peroxidase (HRP) conjugated anti-rabbit IgG polyclonal antibody (31460; Pierce, Rockford, IL) as well as a 1∶5,000 dilution of a goat anti-actin polyclonal antibody (sc-1616; Santa Cruz Biotechnology Inc.) followed by a 1∶8,000 dilution of a rabbit HRP conjugated anti-goat IgG polyclonal antibody (31402; Pierce), as well as a 1∶1000 dilution of a mouse anti-alphavirus monoclonal antibody (Santa Cruz Biotechnology Inc., Santa Cruz, CA) followed by a 1∶5,000 dilution of a rabbit HRP conjugated anti-mouse IgG polyclonal antibody (A9044; Sigma, Sigma-Aldrich, St Louis, MO).

Techniques: Infection